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洋薊 Artichoke

洋薊(Artichoke)也稱為朝鮮薊,通常被認為是一種蔬菜具有“蔬菜之王”的美稱。

這種植物起源於地中海,因其潛在的藥用價值而被使用了幾個世紀。

它所謂的健康益處包括降低血糖水準和改善消化、心臟健康和肝臟健康。

洋薊提取物含有高濃度的植物化合物,作為補充劑也越來越受歡迎。

 洋薊的健康益處

1.富含營養素

洋薊脂肪含量低,纖維含量高,富含維生素和礦物質,如維生素C、維生素K、葉酸、磷和鎂。

它是所有蔬菜中抗氧化劑含量最高的[1]

2.降低“壞”膽固醇並增加“好”膽固醇

洋薊葉提取物可能對膽固醇水準產生積極影響[2]

其提取物以兩種主要方式影響膽固醇。

首先,朝鮮薊含有木犀草素,一種可防止膽固醇形成的抗氧化劑[3]

其次,朝鮮薊葉提取物可促進身體更有效地處理膽固醇,從而降低整體水準[4]

3.有助於調節血壓

洋薊提取物對高血壓患者有幫助。

研究表明,洋薊提取物會促進eNOS酶(一氧化氮合酶)的產生,該酶在血管擴張中發揮作用[5]

此外,朝鮮薊是鉀的良好來源,有助於調節血壓[6]

4.可改善肝臟健康

洋薊葉提取物可以保護你的肝臟免受損傷並促進新組織的生長[7]

它還可以增加膽汁的產生,這有助於清除肝臟中的有害毒素[3]

經常食用洋薊提取物可能有助於保護你的肝臟免受損害,並有助於緩解非酒精性脂肪性肝病的症狀。

5.可改善消化系統健康

洋薊是纖維的重要來源。

它可以通過促進有益的腸道細菌、降低患某些腸癌的風險以及緩解便秘和腹瀉來幫助保持消化系統健康[8-9]

6.可緩解腸易激綜合征得症狀

腸易激綜合征(IBS)是一種影響消化系統的疾病,可導致胃痛、痙攣、腹瀉、腹脹、便秘和腸胃脹氣。

研究顯示:洋薊葉提取物可以通過減少肌肉痙攣、平衡腸道細菌和減少炎症來幫助治療IBS症狀[10-11]

7.有助於降低血糖

洋薊和洋薊葉提取物可能有助於降低血糖水準[12]

洋薊提取物已被證明可以減緩α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性,α-葡萄糖苷酶是一種將澱粉分解成葡萄糖的酶,可能會影響血糖[13]

8.有抗癌作用

研究表明,洋薊提取物會損害癌症的生長[14]

其抗氧化劑-包括蘆丁,槲皮素,水飛薊素,沒食子酸-在朝鮮薊被認為負責這些抗癌效果[3]

參考資料

[1] Negro D, Montesano V, Grieco S, Crupi P, Sarli G, De Lisi A, Sonnante G. Polyphenol compounds in artichoke plant tissues and varieties. J Food Sci. 2012 Feb;77(2):C244-52. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02531.x. Epub 2012 Jan 17. PMID: 22251096.

[2] Wider B, Pittler MH, Thompson-Coon J, Ernst E. Artichoke leaf extract for treating hypercholesterolaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Mar 28;(3):CD003335. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003335.pub3. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(5):CD003335. PMID: 23543518.

[3] Ben Salem M, Affes H, Ksouda K, Dhouibi R, Sahnoun Z, Hammami S, Zeghal KM. Pharmacological Studies of Artichoke Leaf Extract and Their Health Benefits. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2015 Dec;70(4):441-53. doi: 10.1007/s11130-015-0503-8. PMID: 26310198.

[4] Qiang Z, Lee SO, Ye Z, Wu X, Hendrich S. Artichoke extract lowered plasma cholesterol and increased fecal bile acids in Golden Syrian hamsters. Phytother Res. 2012 Jul;26(7):1048-52. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3698. Epub 2011 Dec 20. PMID: 22183827.

[5] Li H, Xia N, Brausch I, Yao Y, Förstermann U. Flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) up-regulate endothelial-type nitric-oxide synthase gene expression in human endothelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Sep;310(3):926-32. doi: 10.1124/jpet.104.066639. Epub 2004 May 3. PMID: 15123766.

[6] Pandino G, Lombardo S, Mauromicale G. Mineral profile in globe artichoke as affected by genotype, head part and environment. J Sci Food Agric. 2011 Jan 30;91(2):302-8. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.4185. PMID: 20954162.

[7] Kraft K. Artichoke leaf extract – Recent findings reflecting effects on lipid metabolism, liver and gastrointestinal tracts. Phytomedicine. 1997 Dec;4(4):369-78. doi: 10.1016/S0944-7113(97)80049-9. PMID: 23195590.

[8] Kunzmann AT, Coleman HG, Huang WY, Kitahara CM, Cantwell MM, Berndt SI. Dietary fiber intake and risk of colorectal cancer and incident and recurrent adenoma in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Oct;102(4):881-90. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.113282. Epub 2015 Aug 12. PMID: 26269366; PMCID: PMC4588743.

[9] Macfarlane S, Macfarlane GT, Cummings JH. Review article: prebiotics in the gastrointestinal tract. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep 1;24(5):701-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03042.x. PMID: 16918875.

[10] Barbara G, De Giorgio R, Stanghellini V, Cremon C, Salvioli B, Corinaldesi R. New pathophysiological mechanisms in irritable bowel syndrome.Aliment Pharmacol Ther.2004;20 Suppl 2:1–9.

[11] Emendörfer F, Emendörfer F, Bellato F, Noldin VF, Cechinel-Filho V, Yunes RA, Delle Monache F, Cardozo AM. Antispasmodic activity of fractions and cynaropicrin from Cynara scolymus on guinea-pig ileum. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 May;28(5):902-4. doi: 10.1248/bpb.28.902. PMID: 15863902.

[12] Ben Salem M, Affes H, Ksouda K, Dhouibi R, Sahnoun Z, Hammami S, Zeghal KM. Pharmacological Studies of Artichoke Leaf Extract and Their Health Benefits. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2015 Dec;70(4):441-53. doi: 10.1007/s11130-015-0503-8. PMID: 26310198.

[13] Villiger A, Sala F, Suter A, Butterweck V. In vitro inhibitory potential of Cynara scolymus, Silybum marianum, Taraxacum officinale, and Peumus boldus on key enzymes relevant to metabolic syndrome. Phytomedicine. 2015 Jan 15;22(1):138-44. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.11.015. Epub 2014 Nov 29. PMID: 25636882.

[14] Mileo AM, Di Venere D, Linsalata V, Fraioli R, Miccadei S. Artichoke polyphenols induce apoptosis and decrease the invasive potential of the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB231. J Cell Physiol. 2012 Sep;227(9):3301-9. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24029. PMID: 22170094.

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